The structure role and relationship between parties in communication

The structure role and relationship between parties in communication Explain the structure, role and relationship between parties in communication industry 1. Identify the different parties and briefly describe their role i.e. the functions of these parties (advertiser, client, ad agency etc.) in the communication industry Centralized This is the structure in which the key decisions are made by the head or top managers. This structure is used in order to have as much control as possible. Organizations with this kind of structure have several layers of management that control the company by maintaining a high level of authority. Staff and employees have limited authority to carry out any decisions without any approval from authority. It has a top-down management style where the top level communicates with the middle managers who further communicate with other staff. This kind of structure usually has decreased span of control. This type of structure is also becoming rare because of its many disadvantages. If the company is too large with such structure then its operations could become less efficient. Also lower level employees can become less motivated. On the other hand it can be advantageous too. It is a good structure for small business also it helps centralized authority may have a better picture of the organiz ation. Source: http://www.answers.com/topic/organizational-structure Decentralized: This structure is the opposite to the centralized structure. This type gives less control to the top managers for the decision making, rather decisions are made at the lower levels in the organizational hierarchy. Usually companies tend to start off centralized and then progress towards decentralized style. Decentralized structure lets everyone participate in the decision making process. It lets employees use their mind, experience and skills to improve inefficient areas without having to wait for any approval. This structure helps to eliminate any unnecessary levels of management and to let first line mangers/staff to have the authority. This increases the span of control and has a botton-up management style. It also lets the higher level managers to concentrate more on important decision and let other decisions be handled by the lower level. The disadvantage can be that managers often lack training and understanding of advertising. Source: http://www.learnmanagement2.com/centraliseddecentralised.htm Parties In communication Industry: Advertiser (Client) Advertiser is a sender or communicator who develops a marketing program and at the end makes the final decision of that plan. An advertiser can be a person, an organization or company who plans, executes and places advertisement in order to target customers. Their main aim is to promote a product or service. The advertisers need to be prepared for their interaction with an advertising agency, advertising departments or In-house agencies. They need to understand the companies objectives clearly, identify the distribution channels appropriately and manage the budget accordingly. Source: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/advertiser.html In-house agency In-house agency is an advertising agency in an organization that is set up, owned and operated by the advertiser. Sometimes there are advertising departments too. Instead of outsourcing the advertising to some agency, the ad campaigns are handled by its own in-house agency. This lets a business have more control n its advertising activities, it reduces advertising and promotion costs and is time saving for the advertisers. Source: http://advertising.about.com/od/advertisingglossaryi/g/inhouseagency.htm Advertising Agency This is an outside organization that specializes in advertising development. It provides marketing and promotion services such as planning, preparing and placing of advertisements. Usually big clients use many advertising agencies and because of its continuous growth and use, agencies are becoming partners as well. They provide clients with very skilled, specialized, experienced, expertise services and objective view points because of which it is preferred over in-house agencies. There are different types of services that different agencies provide such as: Full Service Agency: Provides marketing, communication, research, promotion and all other services Account Services : it is the link between the ad agency and the client Marketing Services: provides all marketing services such as marketing research, planning or marketing selection Creative Boutiques: they provide creative services for extra creativity. They emphasize on creative concept development and unique artistic services. Media Buying Services: This is media related and lets a client buy radio and television time. This is quite commonly used these days which offers media strategy consultancy. Media Organizations: these are television, radio, newspapers and etc. It has its own policy that attracts particular customers. Specialized Marketing Communication Services These services include direct marketing agencies, sales promotion agencies, public relations, sampling programs, contest arrangements, interactive agencies for website development and etc. 2. Discuss the relationship between the different parties of the industry Relationship of different parties: Advertiser In-house ad agency: The relationship between an advertiser and in-house agency is that an advertiser is who runs the in-house agency. He is the person in charge of what and how things go around in it. It can sometimes be owned by the advertiser as all. He operates all the operations, handles advertising activities and deals with outside ad agencies if any. Advertising agency Advertiser: In this case the advertiser is the client who outsources its advertising plans to an advertising agency. All the working, planning, preparing, and marketing activities are carried out by the ad agency. They take the responsibility of marketing and promotion services. Also these days they are becoming partners as well with bigger companies in order to be more efficient and productive in their dealing and working. They help advertisers define and refine their marketing strategies. It is important for an advertiser to do all its homework before getting into a relationship with any agency. Media organizations Clients/ad agency: Media organizations are media specialists who help in giving consultation to advertisers or even advertising agencies regarding buying media time and space. Since Media organizations buy media time in large quantities, they can help them to acquire media time at much lower cost than advertisers or ad agencies themselves could have. In-house agency ad agency: Sometimes even in-house agencies acquire help from ad agencies regarding different matters seeking for expertise and specialized help. Outcome 1.2 Identify the trends in advertising and promotion and evaluate (advantages and Disadvantages) of their impact 1. Discuss the current trends in the advertising With the growing competition in the advertising sector and evolution of trends with the passage of time has led advertising agencies to come up with different techniques, other than the traditional tv, radio, newspaper ways, to attract and retain customers. Some of these new trends include:  · Media fragmentation  · Micro-marketing  · Brand proliferation Media fragmentation: Media fragmentation is dividing and increasing the range of media, its choices and consumption in terms of more different channels, mobile, Internet, more websites, radio stations, magazines, satellite tvs and etc. This has given consumers a new set of habits and expectations. Advantages: Since a long time (and even still) cable channels was the only way of distributing video signals on a large scale, which meant small number of channels to large audience. Now the number of different channels as well as satellite tv has reduced this problem. Media fragmentation is just the right thing to divide and target its audience. The web specifically has increasingly divided its audience and has fragmented the media at large. Internet, online ads has played a big role, similarly the radio and mobile networks have helped in delivering their message efficiently as well. Moreover it has given increased consumer control. It has created a lot of opportunities for media buying businesses. This is one of the current trends that helps in reducing the difficulty of reaching its audience Disadvantages: Yet at the same time fragmentation had made it difficult to reach everyone too, because consumers now have a wide range of choice of what to watch, listen and read. It has decreased the attention since there is so much variety therefore media has become less efficient and more complex. Following are some factors related to media fragmentation. Source: http://moneyterms.co.uk/media-fragmentation/ Micro Marketing: Micro marketing is basically niche marketing in which the tailoring of products and marketing strategies are made locally within a smaller region. In this type marketing message is made a lot more personally to the buyer. A good example would be of local cable advertisements. Advantages: micro marketing helps in focusing and specializing on a smaller segment from a larger market. Locating a profitable micro niche is important and quite beneficial in terms of less competition. One can specialize on a smaller target. It has become easier to figure out the relevant market segment for a specific product, to keep in contact more often and to become more closely acquainted with a smaller crowd. Disadvantages: Through micro marketing the economies of scale and the sales growth is limited. Since a business focuses on a smaller segment, the survival of the firm may be difficult if the sales begin to drop. It is not very beneficial to larger level firms. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromarketing Brand Proliferation: When one company introduces and puts new brands under same product lines is called brand proliferation. More items are brought in with new brand names to cover each and very market segment for that product line. Advantages: It helps in expanding a companys market share as well as the market. The basic aim is usually to keep the prime brand intact while competing with the lower brands. It also brings variety to the customers and excitement to the sales team. For example Gap, Old Navy and Banana Republic are of same product line but with different brand names and price range. Disadvantages: This sometimes hurts the prime brand sales figures because of higher sales of other brands in same product line. This increases competition in the market as well as among themselves too. Revenue might not increase because of brand proliferation. Source: http://www.citeman.com/3193-brand-proliferation-and-the-other-strategies/ 2. Identify at least two of the trends in Pakistani market and discuss with examples. Two trends in Pakistan that are very common these days are micro marketing and telecommunication. Telecommunication: We are in an era where globalization and telecommunication is increasing at a fast pace. This is having a great positive effect on the economy of Pakistan. The country now boasts 5 major operators that are Telenor, Mobilink, Ufone, Warid and Zong. This has helped to reduce call charges and improve the quality of service. All of these in competition have offered a lot of different, unique and new innovative value added services such as MMS, low international call rates, low SMS rates, GPRS and recently Mobile tv. The telecommunication trend has offered a huge potential for advertisers to reach out to new markets in a totally new way. Source: http://pafkiet.edu.pk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=u7RC2hLlgQ0%3Dtabid=515mid=1805 Micro-marketing: This has recently become quite common trend in Pakistan due to increase use of local cable services and channels. For example the local ads of Sona jewellers, Karegar, Rsheen on local cable service in Peshawar. Also telemarketing such as Televantage on channels has also become quite common too. Online advertisement is another new trend increasingly developing. This has cost loss to a lot of newspaper agencies as well as traditional advertising media companies. 3. Evaluate the impact of these trends on the industry and parties of the industry These trends have had a great impact on the over all advertising industry as well as the parties of the industry. It has opened up new markets, opportunities and chances for advertisers, clients, ad agencies and etc to reach out to everyone. Due to media fragmentation there is wide range of variety and options for them to choose from. Moreover it has provided Media buying businesses with a lot of new opportunities to target its market specifically and earn profit. Mobile phones have become one of the most popular devices and have increased capabilities of technologies. It has enabled access to email, internet browsing and multimedia thus giving advertising yet another channel to reach the audience. Media fragmentation has allowed advertising delivery on a per user basis according to the viewers interests, location, habits, demographics and etc. Source: http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/Impact_of_Internet_Advertising Outcome 1.3 Use any two response hierarchy models on the two ads selected by the students 1. Select two ads which have to be evaluated considering the response hierarchy models. 2. Discuss how these ads confirms to the response hierarchy models being discussed AIDA response hierarchy model: AIDA stands for Attention, Interest, Desire and Action which are the four stages of the sales process. It can be used as a checklist or guideline to determine where they stand and help them increase the sales if they fulfill the checklist for a customer. A : Attention, attracting and gaining the attention of the customers. The customers dont want to watch, listen or read long stories and long advertisements therefore keeping it short and the first few seconds attractive is important. Maybe a pleasant surprising element for example. I : Interest, after attention is gained it is the focus on customers interest by mentioning the benefits and advantages. Making sure not to bore the audience. D : Desire , To initiate a desire in a customer or convince a customer for what you want them to do or to buy a specific product. A : Action , Convincing the customer enough to take some action in purchasing a product. Souce: rhttp://changingminds.org/disciplines/sales/methods/aida.htm The AIDA model for Ufone advertisement: Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx0-nrjp0bM ufone Attention: Yes, the advertisement uses a good humorous approach that grabs attention. The format is very colorful and catchy. Interest: Yes, The slogan its all about you creates an interest and question in the mind of the customer, to see how well the product meets upto its claims in the advertisments. Desire: Yes, the low prices and attractive promotional packages were able to create a desire to try the product. Action: Yes, the advertiser was successful to be able to force the customer in a light humorous manner to switch to their product if they want a better quality. This package has been running very successfully. The AIDA model for Pepsi: Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYsO5PAWSPs Attention: Yes, The expensive advertisements and use of celebrities grabs attention. Interest: Yes, their catchy slogan Ye dil maange more provokes interest whether one can really have enough of it. Desire: Yes, the colorful ad, use of cricketers/celebrities creates a feeling of desire to try the product. Action: Yes, the advertisement showed what length do people go through just to have a Pepsi and it is a more common drink in the easy as compared to Coke. Hierarchy of effects model: This is a sequence of five steps that a consumer passes through before purchasing a product. It basically shows how advertisement works. It is said that a consumer passes through thinking, feeling and intention phases. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/hierarchy-of-effects.html Awareness: creating awareness and capturing attention of the main target audience. Knowledge: Along with the awareness it is important to give knowledge about a product and brand. Liking: Next is to create liking in a customer for a product. It is important to find if the product is liked or not and the cause for it. Preference: Building customer preference of their product through values, quality, image, performance and etc. It should be made sure that the customer not only likes your product but prefers it over other products. Conviction: Next is to make the consumer come back again and again for your product. Advertiser is to convict the target customers and develop a firm belief in them to always come to you. Purchase: This is the evaluation of the purchase whether its made or not. The problematic area and reasons should be found as to why a certain product wasnt purchased or liked in order to fix faulty areas. Hierarchy of effect model for Ufone Advertisement: Awareness: Yes, the advertisement is creating awareness about the launch of the new sms package. Knowledge: Yes, knowledge is given to the customer about the pricing and detail of the package being introduced. Liking: Yes, a humorous approach in advertisements is always attractive and helps in gaining customer attention. Moreover the low prices will automatically create a liking in them. Preference: Preference is created by introducing a unique package of lowest rates. Conviction: yes Purchase: Yes Hierarchy of effect model for Pepsi Advertisement: Awareness: Yes, awareness to the product is made in the advertisement. Knowledge: No, there is not much emphasis on knowledge of the product (for example price, deals etc) Liking: Yes, the use of big celebrities helps in gaining customer attention and liking. Preference: No emphasis was made to create a preference over competitors (for example seasonal deals like buy one get one free) Conviction: yes Purchase: Yes For Merit Outcome 1.3 12 Make an effective judgment on the ads selected whether you think the ads are appropriately developed to satisfy the hierarchy models. Give reference to books or internet sources used. The two hierarchy models i used in the previous question were AIDA and Effects model. They were applied on two selected ads (Pepsi and Ufone) to determine their effect. Based on my observation and study it can be concluded that these ads were appropriately developed to satisfy the hierarchy models. They were both successful in gaining the attention, interest and develop the desire in the customer. Ufone is using humorous theme in its ads which has become its benchmark. People enjoy watching, discussing and following Ufone ads the most and it is the biggest achievement of Ufone in recent times. Ufone became a part of the Emirates Telecommunication Corporation Group (Etisalat) in 2006.Since its inception, Ufone has focused on the people of Pakistan, empowering them with the most relevant communication modes and services that enable them to do a lot more than just talk, at a price that suits them the most. With a strong and uniquely humorous communication direction that has now become Ufones signature across all advertising media, Ufone gives its customers many reasons to smile. (source: http://thecurrentaffairs.com/ufone-ufone-pakistanufone-call-packages-ufone-jobs.html) Moreover with its success Ufone has been able to build a subscriber base of over 20 million, network coverage in 10,000 locations, international roaming to more than 260 live operators in more than 150 countries. As the world of telecommunications advances, Ufone promises its customers to stay ahead, developing and evolving, to go beyond their expectations, because at Ufone, its all about U. http://www.amcy5.com/Reports/marketing/amcy10.htm http://www.recipeapart.com/ufone-best-funny-ads-and-tv-commercials/ Pepsi on the other hand is already a successful brand which uses advertisment to just remind the customer of their existence. The pepsi ad i chose has used two most popular celebrities of Bollywood (Shahrukh, actor and Sachin, cricketer). Shahrukh was the Brand ambassador till 2008 and so was Sachin at some point. Pepsis style of advertisment has almost always used a celebrity for their advertisement to gain customer attention as well as create desire in them to use a brand popular among celebrities. source: http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2009/shahrukh-pepsi-thrown-out-160209.html Therefore both the advertisements till some extent satisfies and fulfills the hierarchy model criteria. However Pepsi company could have made this advertisment a little more innovative and creative by developing a more effective story line stating its preference and more knowledge regarding price for Pepsi. Ufone could have also given a bit more knowledge about their rates and number of sms offering.

Education in Bolivia for the past 50 years Essay

In the year 1989, education in Bolivia was not considered as a right by many people. However, it was observed as a means to control the lives of the masses by the ruling sector. The government restricted the release of funds to education because it gave more attention in other branches of the society. As a result, the illiteracy rate was very high. A country which has 13-14% illiteracy rate, Bolivia is regarded as the worst in the South Americas. The Bolivian government allocates 23% of its yearly budget to education which is actually the highest percentage in South American countries despite of its small budget. However, this did not help improve the literacy level of the country as a whole. According to the Bolivian National Statistics Institute in 2002, the rate of absolute literacy level is about 20%, functional literacy rate is about 35%, with totality of 55% only. There are about 11. 8% literacy rate in men were proven and this increases to a relatively high 27. 7% for women (Carlos Santander-Maturana, 2007). Nowadays, the absentee rate is very high learner for children in the primary school from six to eight years. It is comparably lower on children aged nine, but increases significantly when on children aged 12 (Santander-Maturana, C. 2007). A very familiar explanation for this growing dilemma is that the majority poor families, which comprise the leading portion in the Bolivian people, force their kids to stop from going to school in order to help their parents increase the family income. Similar thing is true to the other students who are in the secondary and tertiary level as is confirmed in Country Studies (2007): Only 1/3 of the first graders completed the 5th grade, 20% started secondary school, 5% began their postsecondary studies, and just 1% received a university degree. Dropout rates were higher among girls and rural children. Only about 40% of rural youngsters continued their education beyond the third grade (Country Studies, 2007). This astounding percentage is the worst among the South American countries and the government is now trying its best in combating this central problem in education. As years go by, parents of poor families started seeing education as a means to save them and their future generation from poverty. But as a family strives hard for survival, problems will always remain as problems no matter how they manage to resolve them. The current economic condition of the family is one of the many causes of their being illiterate. As of now, the literacy condition is getting more and more improved because people are paying much attention in education more than they did before. The government is also in support of the projects to make education better. Many programs are now laid out and are being implemented to secure the future of the country. The Bolivian style of education compared side by side with the United States’ is quite similar in a few ways. As what is stated in Encyclopedia Britannica (2007): Primary education for children 6 to 13 years of age is free and officially compulsory, although school attendance is difficult to enforce in some areas. Secondary education, lasting up to 4 years, is not compulsory. Most education is state-supported, but private institutions are permitted (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007). Education in the United States is funded mainly by the government in three levels: federal, state, and local. Primary education, which starts from 5-6 years old and secondary education are both compulsory. College education is still an option because there are still vocational and technical courses being offered by the state. Reading literacy rate in the US is as high as 98% being recognized as one of the best reading literacy all over the world.

Alfieri

The play A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller is a short play with nine main characters. One of these nine characters is Alfieri. He is the first character that the audience meets. Alfieri is a lawyer to whom Eddie Carbone goes to for advice in the middle of the play. Alfieri also plays a part role as a narrator. He is the character that starts and ends the play and gives the audience background detail as well as inside hints at what he thinks will happen.Alfieri's opening speech is a very long and detailed prologue with a lot of information for the audience. Some may say that it gets a bit boring as it is a lot to take in and in that sense Arthur Miller has taken a bit ofa gamble choosing to start his play off with something like that. It is an introductory speech that introduces the play to the audience and finishes it. Through this opening speech we learn a lot and it is a very thorough and informative piece of dialogue. One thing that we learn is that the events that are appro aching ill be bloody and tragic in their conclusions.Alfieri hints at the story and this is one of the tactics of keeping the audience interested. â€Å"sat there as powerless as l, and watched it run its bloody course. † This last sentence in his speech while he is alone to the audience tells us what is to come and gets us ready for what is about to unfold in this play. To start Offa play with a speech like Alfieri's, leaving the audience with this sentence creates an atmosphere right at the start of the play and it makes the audience want to find out hat he is trying to prepare them for.Alfieri also gives some background to the play and some history to the setting. He gives part of a Sicilian background which gives us a broader view and some background information of the setting. † .. in Sicily, form where their fathers came, the law has not been a friendly idea since the Greeks were beaten. † In most of the speech Alfieri is talking about what people thought of lawyers and how they were looked upon. A lawyer is a bad omen to them, something that is thought and seen negatively, unlucky to the neighbourhood. This tells us that the community is very superstitious. I am a lawyer. In this neighbourhood to meet a lawyer or a priest is unlucky. † the idea of law. â€Å".. the law has not been a friendly idea. † Alfieri gives his own personal history and uses this as an opportunity to introduce himself to the audience. He is also the one who introduces Eddie Carbone to the audience. This is where his narrator role comes in. Arthur Miller has given Alfieri a very important and creative character played like this as a double role. â€Å"l am a lawyer. † â€Å"l was born in Italy. I only came here when I was twenty five. â€Å"Eddie Carbone, a longshoreman working the docks from Brooklyn Bridge. † In his dialogue, Alfieri also gives a bit of the New York background with small details such as the specific setting he mentio ns. Although it seems like a long speech, in this prologue there is a large amount of information lying beneath it which emerges from it, and with all this information it is quite short in comparison. In it he also mentions history form way back in the Roman times, Caesar's years which was almost 2000 years ago. But this is Red Hook,† â€Å"since the Greeks were beaten†¦ â€Å".. that in some Caesar's year†¦ † He is saying in this speech that in those times till now law is frowned upon but things have changed since then. People have become more civilised now and that is why things have settled down.There is compromise now. Alfieri then goes on to say that one thing that hasn't changed since 2000 years ago, even though law is seen badly, that there will always be a Job for a lawyer. â€Å"now we settle for half, and I like it better. † â€Å"†¦ every few years there is still a case,† l no longer keep a pistol in my filing cabinet. â€Å"â⠂¬ ¦ Justice is very important here. † Alfieri's opening prologue is very important. In it he plays a commentator, getting the audience ready for the intensity of the plays meaning, hinting at what's going to background. He poses questions to the audience in his own way and explains and provides evidence on a number of things. He also comments on different things and gives a lot of information in this play and gives his opinion on them. He plays a very important part and provides the backbone to the play.

The Top 5 William Shakespeare Plays

The idea of picking the top five plays by William Shakespeare is sure to spark a quarrel among literary critics and theatergoers. Though many consider Hamlet the Bards best work, others prefer King Lear or The Winters Tale. Tastes vary, but there is some critical consensus about which plays have the most enduring literary value. Hamlet Considered by many literary critics to be Shakespeare’s greatest play, this deeply moving story follows Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, as he grieves for his father and avenges his death. Possibly based on Shakespeare’s personal experience of losing his own son, Hamnet, in 1596, this tragedy manages to explore the complex psychology of its young hero hundreds of years before the emergence of psychology as a concept. For this alone, Hamlet deserves the number one spot. Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare is perhaps most famous for Romeo and Juliet, the classic story of two â€Å"star-crossed lovers.† This play has seeped into the consciousness of popular culture: if we describe someone as romantic, we might describe him as â€Å"a Romeo,† and the balcony scene is possibly the world’s most iconic (and quoted) dramatic text. The tragic love story unfolds against the backdrop of the Montague-Capulet feud—a subplot that provides several memorable action scenes. Shakespeare gets straight down to business at the start of the play and stages a fight between the Montagues and the Capulets serving men. The key reason for Romeo and Juliet’s popularity is its timeless themes; anyone of any age today can relate to a story about two people from very different backgrounds falling head-over-heels in love. Macbeth Macbeth—a short, punchy, intense piece of drama that charts the rise and fall of Macbeth from soldier to king to tyrant—features some of Shakespeares finest writing. Although all of the characters are well-drawn and the plot is perfectly formulated, it is Lady Macbeth who steals the show. She is one of Shakespeares most enduring villains, and it is her intense ambition that drives the play. This crime drama is so popular with audiences that it has inspired over 10 film adaptations. Julius Caesar Beloved by many, this play focuses on Roman senator Marcus Brutus and his involvement in the assassination of Roman emperor Julius Caesar. Those who have not read the play are often surprised to learn that Caesar only appears in a handful of scenes. Instead, the tragedy centers on Brutus conflicting morals and his psychological turmoil as he weaves a conspiracy that will transform history. Critic Harold Bloom has said that the play could have been called The Tragedy of Marcus Brutus. Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing is Shakespeare’s best-loved comedy. The play mixes humor and tragedy and is one of the Bard’s most interesting texts from a stylistic point of view. The key to the play’s popularity rests on the turbulent love-hate relationship between Benedick and Beatrice. Throughout the play, the two are locked in a battle of wits—and although we know they really love each other, they just can’t admit it to themselves. Some critics consider Much Ado About Nothing a comedy of manners because it pokes fun at aristocratic behavior and language.

Television and Media - Categorization of TV Sitcom...

Categorization of Sitcom Fathers For this essay I consulted EPGuides.com[1] and The Internet Movie Database[2], which also includes minimal facts of television shows and casts. Throughout the course of television history there have evolved several types and variations of fathers: the Simulacrum; the Single-parent; the Substitute; the Homer Simpson; the Apathetic. Though their characteristics coincide with American values, the Simulacrum Father does not merely represent ideals but America’s adoption of simulations. Jean Baudrillard concisely describes his complex idea of simulacra as â€Å"the generation by models of a real without origin or reality† in â€Å"The Precession of Simulacra.† Mid-Twentieth-century television fathers such as†¦show more content†¦The Simulacrum Father endures because sitcom fathers reinforce American ideals of fathers through deriving from past generation of ideal father images, the same origin of audiences’ ideals. The Single-parent Father diverges from the Simulacrum as such fathers exist as referents; however, this type signifies another American ideal of the virtuous parent. The model for this type is Bob Saget’s Danny Tanner of Full House, who strove to provide his three daughters the experience of two parents through dedication, over-compensation, and unhealthy doses of didactic conversations. Two shows descended from Full House illustrate both the simulacrum (through their cast connections to Full House) and attributes of the single-parent father: Raising Dad, featuring Bob Saget, â€Å"A sitcom about a widowed father struggling to separate his professional personal lives and keeping his sanity while raising two daughters,† (imdb.com) and â€Å"Two of a Kind,† â€Å"A show about a single father who has his hands full raising twin sisters Mary-Kate and Ashley [Olsen, of Full House]† (imdb.com). The description of these shows alludes to single-parenting as th e modern struggle; unlike other ideals, this television image represents reality at least in as much as the high divorce rates of the 1990s, thoughShow MoreRelatedBlack Culture And Issues Within The Media1625 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been countless shows on television that have had a focus on black culture and issues within the community. The Television shows Fresh Prince of Bel Air and Black-ish bring to light and successfully decode the 20th to 21st century race issues, specifically black male issues that have not been adequately dealt with in the mainstream media. Mainstream television has had black characters and have covered black issues, but they often have characters that fit and fuel stereotypes about theRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1959 Words   |  8 PagesWhether it is on TV or movie screens, the faces of white actors and actresses have always been prevalent in the media. For generations, many teenagers have been exposed to countless movies with w hite people in major roles. Moreover, the few roles that are cast to minorities feature the characters in their stereotypical personas (Bonilla-Silva 179). Even in advertising, Asians are placed in business settings, upholding the hard-working Asian stereotype (Taylor and Stern 50). As Taylor and Stern mentionRead MoreJudith Butlers Perception of the Female in the Modern Era: Gender Identity and the Act of Becoming in Cindy Shermans History Portraits6698 Words   |  27 Pagesand issues surrounding identity, which erupted with such force in America following the publication of Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique in 1963. Sherman believed that her work was feminist but she rejected any strict categorization, feeling that ultimately such categorization hindered rather than helped her to connect with her art. Her approach to work grew out of an era largely defined by the Womens Movement, but her approach was more practical than theoretical (Berne, 2003). Feminism was the

Business Analysis Starbucks Coffee - 1509 Words

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Financial Analysis and Management British Airways and Mobile Network

Question: You work as a financial analyst for a firm of international management consultants. A very large multinational company (of your choice) has approached the firm for advice as they are considering diversification through a strategy of acquisition. You are required to write a report to the client which: Identifies two potential acquisition targets and gives a brief rationale for their potential acquisition. Describes the importance of working capital and capital structure management and critically analyses both potential targets with regard to their current working capital and capital structure management. Your analysis should take into account the type of industry in which the potential targets are engaged. Compares the financial performance, risk exposures and future prospects of the potential acquisition targets. Concludes with a reasoned argument as to which company might be the preferred acquisition target. Answer: Rationale on the acquisitions target The study will focus on the basic reason for choosing this particular topic understand the acquisition takes place between the companies. One of the major acquisition will be based on the mobile network 3 is acquiring O2 and British airways to acquire the Aer Lingus. This will helps the both company to gain the large market base in UK. There has been ample evidence which shows that, both of the acquisition is been one of the major spending from the both of the companies (BBC News, 2015). For examples Mobile Network 3 is spending more than 10 billion to buy the O2. This will help to the mobile network 3 to reach number position in Asian region. Apart from that, study will also focus on the risk exposure on the both of the acquisition. There have been numerous evidences, which show that acquisition is one of the major decisions making for any companies. Before acquisition, company must have to see the financial performance of the acquired company. Apart from that stud will also give an insight of the capital structure of the both of acquiring company British airways and Mobile network 3 (Berger et al. (2007). Importance of Working capital and capital structure management One of the major working capital structures is that it helps to gain the company to understand its cash positions and its working capital cycle. Working capital structure of the company shows that company financial position in international market and its performance to its industry. Since the British airways are looking to purchase the Aer Lingus; the working capital of Aer lingus is needed to assess in order to identify the present condition of the company. This will help the companies, British airways and Mobile network 3 to make the make the current valuation of the company as per the market rate (BBC News, 2015). Apart from that, capital structure is much important part to survive the business in the long run. With the help of liability side of the both of acquired company O2 and Aer lingus liability side of the balance sheet will show the actual capital structure of the company (Berry, 2009). With the help of total debt and total equity valuation, both of the companies British air ways and the Mobile network 3 will be able to assess its performance it will help the company to reduce the risk (www.theguardian.com , 2015). Figure 1: Importance of Capital Structure (Source: Campbell and Shiller, 2008, pp-195) Analysis of working capital management Working capital structure of both of acquisition is given below: Acquiring company Acquired by Total cost Aer lingus British Airways 10 billion O2 Mobile network 3 - Working capital structures of both the companies are strong enough to invest in acquisitions. This deal will make the owner of the Mobile network 3 owner Mr. Li Ka Shing will be one of the richest man of Asia (BBC News, 2015). The mobile network three is very much known for its optimum use of resources that has made the company to gain the large market share in Asia. Mobile network 3 sells low cost with higher quality service in Asia which is company has strong capital structure. Company total fortune for Mobile network 3 will be around 34.1bn (Dechow, 2008). Apart from that, capital structure of the BA is very much stronger than other airlines companies. BA is one of the largest airline companies in UK. Recently company has acquired the Aer lingus which is one the Irish carrier giants. BA takeover has made the company to surpass the companies like virgin airlines and Air etihad (www.theguardian.com , 2015). Analysis of capital structure The capital structure of both the company is very much stronger. As the cash position of the company is strong enough to capture large customer base. The parent company of the Mobile network 3 is Hutchison Whampoa (Finger, 2008). The market share of the UK mobile operator is given below: Currents positions Market share % After O2 acquisitions Market share % EE 29% O2 Three 40% O2 29% EE 29% Vodafone 23% Vodafone 23% Three 12% Others 7% Others 7% Graph 1: Market share of Mobile network 3 before acquisitions of O2 (Source: Garcia-Teruel and Martnez-Solono, 2013, pp- 123) Graph 2: Market Share after acquisition of the O2 (Source: Alawattage et al. 2014, pp- 185) Currently, the capital structure of the company shows that, Mobile network three has long term sources of capital which is favorable position therefore the acquisition will help the company build strong network across the UK and Asian market. Apart from that before the acquisition of O2, Mobile network three has acquired more than 125 of the market shares. After the acquisition of O2 company will be able to gain 40% of the market share of UK and Asia (Gowthorpe, 2007) Apart from that, the cash position of the mobile network three is very much string enough to carry the acquisition expenditure. As the company has favorable current ratio and debt equity ratio which why Mobile network three will have margin of expenditure to spend in the acquisition (www.theguardian.com , 2015) . However, as the interest coverage ratios may be fluctuating to use the debt capital more than equity capital. Mobile network three , in spite of the better ICR the cash flow position of the company will be weak because of the company will have need to expenses more on the operation part. Apart from the above, the takeover of the British airways of the Aer Lingus will make the BA one of the strong footholds in UK and European market. As per the industry informations the acquiring of the BA will help the company to reach the large market shares. A takeover will make the Irish carrier one of the largest but the company has to sell down the 29.9% of shares for 1 billion (Balakrishnan and Sivaramakrishnan, 2008). After the acquisition of the Aer Lingus British airways shares will be rose up to 3.8p.Besides that, capital structure of British airways will stronger if the company acquires the Aer lingus with more than 5 million customers of the Irish giants. However, the Irish government is facing substantial opposed by the decisions as the government has hold strong market share of Ryan airlines. Comparitive evaluation of the financial performance and risk exposure and future prospectus of the acquisitions targets The aim of this essay is to critically discuss and advise Noomz Associates, with appropriate examples from the financial industry the rationale for their firm to engage in diversification through strategic acquisition and the organizational factors that influence this process. The two potential acquisition targets our financial analyst will advise the above named company are Mobile network Three to acquire O2 and British Airways to acquire Irish carrier Aer Lingus As cited in the Guardian newspaper on 23rd January 2015 Mobile Network Three is set to acquire O2 in 10bn deal This potential acquisition would make Li Ka-Shing Asias richest man, one of the biggest foreign investors in the UK. La Ka-Shing has an estimated fortune of 34.1bn (25.5bn) from his sprawling empire of ports, utilities, and property, according to Forbes. His conglomerate Hutchinson Whampoa is parent company of three, which confirmed it was ready to pay 10.25bn, mostly in cash, for larger rival O2. Most recently he has been snapping up mobile networks around Europe. The article further stated this potential acquisition target would create the UKs largest mobile phone firm with 31.5 million customers, cutting the number of network owners in the UK from four to three. As recently as 2010, the UK had five network Owners but that became four when Orange and T-mobile merged to form EE. Although the UK telecoms regulator Ofcom has long said it wants to retain four competing mobile firms in the UK the final decision on whether to let the deal go ahead will rest with the European Union completion authorities in Brussels. This strategic plan is evidence to suggest that Mobile network Three to buy O2 in 10bn, is to grow from a multinational level to a global level and to eventually operate in the main markets of the world. According to Lasserre (2003) Globalisation is the phenomenon of the transition of industries whose competitive structure changes progressively from multinational to global. Slack (2001) states that operation strategy is based on a leading theory of business strategy the resourced based view when a firm has an above average strategic performance then this is likely to have gained their sustainable competitive advantage because of the core competence or capabilities of their resources. Mobile network Three used their resources and capabilities to achieve a low cost mobile phone company that provides high quality service. They have positioned themselves in the mobile phone industry through its choice of low cost, high quality. This decision is central to their competitive advantage and competitive strategy. It was stated in the Guardian Newspaper on British Airways Owners set moves to take over Aer Lingus.Adding the Irish carrier to the group, would bring with it valuable extra take-off slots at Heathrow Airport. The airline share price shot up almost 20% on news of the move, but dropped back after the Aer Lingus rejection. A takeover has become likely as the Irish carriers largest single shareholder Ryanair, is expected to lose an appeal. According to Joyce Woods (1996), in the 1960s, a period of expansion and confidence, businesses used acquisitions and mergers to build better competitive positions. Sudarsanam (2003) states firms make acquisitions to gain market power, gain economies of scale and scope or internalize vertically linked operations to save on cost of dealing with markets thus adding further cost savings. The industry formed MA with larger business because it was easier to raise money and to acquire a greater market share. Working Capital is the funds needed for a business to run successfully. Working Capital includes but is not limited to stock, debtors, cash, and short term investments minus what the company owners currently to the creditors. The equitation to calculate working capital is current assetsminus current liabilities. Working capital is an important measure of the companys liability. It is more concerned with the management and the relationship between current assets and current liabilities and the strategic decisions on how to create and maintain equilibrium between these two areas on a daily basis. In order to reduce the risk the mobile network 3 looks to reduce the capital stature planning by adjusting and conducting the feasibility of study for acquisition of the O2. Company will be looking indentify the sources of funds for the acquiring the company for which equity, debt and retained profit will be used to reduce the risk of losing the high capital. Figure 2: Sources of funds available for Mobile network 3 (Source: Banker and Chen, 2006, pp-286) From the above, it has been found that, sources of funds available for Mobile network 3 are equity, debt and retained profit. Since the company is looking to take maximum funds from the debt which will make the deal more risky in compare to other two. One of the major benefit for the company will be company do not have to share its profit or ownership with general shareholders (DeWet, 2009). Apart from that, Mobile network 3 issuing only 30% of equity and 205 of the retained profit. One of the future prospectus for the company is to manage and control the exposure of the risk which will help the company to reduce the risk (www.theguardian.com , 2015). Since the higher amount of borrowing will be from the banks or debt financing the rising interest rate will be one of the major concern for the Mobile network three. Another major part will adjust as per the business environment for which the company will have to raise the equity sources that will help the parent company Hutchison to manage its expenditure in the long run. Another major risk will be reduced if the funding will be buying of Forex contract which will help the company to manage the deal cost for the mobile network lower in pounds. Investment in buying O2 may be right decision for the Mobile network 3 but capacity of debt is 50% can creates lots of problems for the company in near future. Mobile network 3 is looking to close the deal with more than 1 billion which will help the company to capture the large market area of the UK and Asia (Drumm, 2008). The risk of issuing the capital; in long run will be higher because of the large capital investment in the company is one of the major part of the investing in the area of acquisitions. Investment in O2 will help the company to acquire more than 5 million customer base but it will fails to improve the company performance in long run because of the high amount of debt to acquired the O2 (Hansen et al. 2009). British airways investment in the Aer lingus will make the company one of the largest airways of Europe. However, one of the risks for BA here is the political risk and debt risk. Figure 3: Sources funds used by the BA (Source: Ismail, 2008, pp- 343) BA is facing political risk because of the most of the shares are captured by the Irish government which lead the deal impossible for the BA. Political matters are very much critical side of the acquisitions which can only be resolved between the companies and government holdings. Another major risk associated with the sources of fund of the BA would be high debt. As the companies is known for owing and controlling the entire things on their own would can creates cash flow deficit in future if the acquisition would be failed. Higher debt would increase the cost of the capital because of the rise in CRR every year. The rising rate of CRR can creates problems for the company in near future because of BA is looking to spend more than 1 billion which is equal to 789 million (Hansen et al. 2009). This will help the company to gain the large market share which may decrease the cash position in the long run for the BA. The financial position of the BA is much better than that of Aer lingus and holds string position to gather information which will tend the company to sustain in the future. The working capital of the company shows that BA shows that company has strong cash position and has good current ratio that will lead the company to gain the higher position in future (www.theguardian.com , 2015). Conclusion From the above study, it has been found that, both of the companies has been using debt as their major sources of fund to take over the other companies. In this case the BA is looking to take over the share worth of 25% in Aer lingus. Mobile network 3 is looking to full takeover the O2. Both of the companies are looking to acquire with full of debt rather than equity. There has been ample evidence which shows that, both of the company are spending billion of money for acquisition one of the major risk faced by both of them are rising CRR rates.BA is suffering from the political risk while buying the Aer lingus. As for mobile network 3 companies will have more than 40% of share present in the current market. British airways has shares have been risen up to 4% after the new broke of BA is purchasing the Aer Lingus. Both of the company are facing tough survive in the long run if the debt amount is higher for the sources of funds. Mobile network is subsidiary of Hutchison which why compa ny strong financial health which will lead the company to sustain in the long run. Reference List Alawattage, C., Hopper, T. and Wickramasinghe, D. (2014) Introduction to management accounting in less developed countries, Journal of Accounting and Organizational Change, 3(3), pp. 183-91 Balakrishnan, R. and Sivaramakrishnan, K. 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(2008) "Accounting Earning and Cash Flows as Measures of Firm Performance", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 18, pp. 3-42. DeWet, J.H. (2009) EVA versus traditional accounting measures of performance as drivers of shareholder value a comparative analysis, Meditari Accountancy Research, 13(2), pp. 1-16. Drumm, W. J. (2008) Forecasting by consensus is riskier than it sounds. Journal of Business Forecasting, 12(1), 2223. Finger, C. A. (2008) "The Ability of Earnings to Predict Future Earnings and Cash Flow", Journal of Accounting Research 32, pp. 210-223. Garcia-Teruel, P. J. and Martnez-Solono, P. (2013) Effects of Working Capital Management on SME Profitability, International Journal of Managerial Finance, 3(2), pp. 174-177 Gowthorpe, C., (2007). Financial Accounting: for non specialists. 5th ed. London: Routledge. Hansen, D. R., Mowen, M. M. and Guan, L. (2009) Cost Management: Accounting Control - Page 50, 5th ed. New Delhi: Global Indian Publications Ltd. Ismail, A. (2008) Is economic value added more associated with stock return than accounting earnings? The UK evidence International Journal of Managerial Finance, 2(4), pp. 343-53 Topham, G. (2014). British Airways owner moves to take over Aer Lingus. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/18/british-airways-iag-moves-takeover-aer-lingus [Accessed 4 Mar. 2015].